How to Receive Mailgun Webhooks in Express

Raw-body middleware ordering for HMAC-friendly handlers

Express is still the default Node.js HTTP framework and powers an enormous amount of production webhook infrastructure. Its body-parsing middleware order is the single most common cause of 'signature mismatch' tickets — fix the ordering once and verification 'just works' across every provider. This guide walks through the Express setup for Mailgun webhooks end to end: capturing the raw body, verifying the signature, handling retries idempotently, and iterating locally without redeploying. Cross-reference the Mailgun Webhooks overview for the event catalog and sample payload.

1. Set Up the Express Endpoint

The endpoint needs to do three things, in this order: read the raw body, verify the signature against those exact bytes, and only then parse the JSON for your business logic.

// server.ts
import express from "express";

const app = express();

// 1. Mount raw-body parser on the webhook route ONLY, BEFORE express.json().
//    The "verify" callback hands you the unparsed Buffer to keep alongside req.body.
app.post(
  "/api/webhooks/:service",
  express.raw({ type: "application/json" }),
  (req, res) => {
    const rawBody = req.body as Buffer; // Buffer, not parsed JSON
    const signature = req.header("x-signature-header") ?? "";

    // 1. Verify HMAC over rawBody.toString("utf8")
    // 2. Parse JSON only after verification passes
    // 3. Process the event idempotently (use the event id as your key)

    const event = JSON.parse(rawBody.toString("utf8"));
    console.log("Verified webhook:", event.type ?? event);

    res.status(200).send("ok");
  },
);

// 2. JSON middleware comes AFTER the webhook route, so it doesn't consume
//    your webhook bodies before your handler sees them.
app.use(express.json());

app.listen(3000);

2. Verify the Mailgun Signature

Node.js verification

import crypto from 'node:crypto';
import express from 'express';

const app = express();

app.post(
  '/webhooks/mailgun',
  express.json(), // Mailgun sends JSON
  (req, res) => {
    const { timestamp, token, signature } = req.body.signature ?? {};
    if (!timestamp || !token || !signature) {
      return res.status(401).send('missing signature fields');
    }

    const expected = crypto
      .createHmac('sha256', process.env.MAILGUN_WEBHOOK_SIGNING_KEY!)
      .update(timestamp + token)
      .digest('hex');

    if (
      signature.length !== expected.length ||
      !crypto.timingSafeEqual(Buffer.from(signature), Buffer.from(expected))
    ) {
      return res.status(403).send('invalid signature');
    }
    res.json({ ok: true, event: req.body['event-data']?.event });
  },
);

Wire this verification call into the Express handler from section 1. The pattern is identical across Express versions: read raw body, verify, parse JSON, dispatch.

See Mailgun's official signing docs for the canonical reference, or the cross-service signature verification guide for the same pattern in Ruby and other languages.

3. Make the Handler Idempotent

Mailgun can — and will — send the same event twice. Network blips, your server returning a 5xx mid-processing, deploy windows: any of these triggers a retry, and your handler will see the same event id again. Build for that on day one rather than chasing duplicate-charge bugs in production.

The simplest pattern is a unique constraint on the event id in your database. The handler does the work inside a transaction, and the insert into the events table is the last step — if a retry arrives, the unique-constraint violation tells you the event already committed and you can return 200 without re-running the side effects.

4. Test Locally Without Deploying

The fastest iteration loop for any webhook handler is: capture a real Mailgun event with HookRay, then replay that captured request against your local Express server until the verification + business logic both pass. No need to retrigger the event in Mailgun, no need to redeploy.

1. Get a free webhook URL at hookray.com — no signup.
2. Paste the URL into your Mailgundashboard's webhook settings.
3. Trigger a test event. HookRay shows the headers, raw body, and parsed payload in real time.
4. Use HookRay's replay feature to send the captured request against http://localhost:3000/api/webhooks/mailgun (or wherever your Express app is listening) — iterate on your code without re-poking the Mailgun dashboard.

Deploying the Express Handler

Express works equally well on a long-running container (Render, Fly.io, ECS, GCP Cloud Run) or a serverless adapter (Vercel's Express adapter, AWS Lambda + serverless-http). For webhooks specifically, prefer a long-running runtime — cold starts on first request can push past the sender's retry timeout.

Need a host that boots quickly enough to absorb webhook bursts? DigitalOcean droplets stay warm, support raw-body proxies cleanly, and avoid the cold-start traps of some serverless runtimes.